Nikao Life Sciences provides expert guidance across a broad range of administration routes, ensuring study designs, safety evaluations, and regulatory strategies are aligned with route-specific considerations. Our expertise supports feasibility assessment, species selection, local and systemic toxicity evaluation, exposure justification, and regulatory expectations.
Systemic Routes
- Intravenous (IV)
- Subcutaneous (SC)
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Intradermal (ID)
- Intraperitoneal (IP)
- Oral / PO
- Sublingual / Buccal
Topical & Transdermal Routes
- Dermal / Topical application
- Transdermal systems
- Patch-based delivery
Ocular Delivery
- Intravitreal injection
- Subconjunctival / Periocular
- Topical ophthalmic solutions or gels
- Intracameral / Intrastromal
Inhalation & Respiratory Routes
- Pulmonary (nebulized, DPI, MDI)
- Intranasal (drops, sprays, devices)
- Endotracheal / intratracheal delivery
Central Nervous System (CNS) Routes
- Intrathecal (IT)
- Intracerebroventricular (ICV)
- Intraparenchymal / targeted CNS injection
- Epidural administration
Advanced & Device-Enabled Routes
- Depot formulations (IM/SC depots, long-acting injectables)
- Implantable delivery systems
- Micro- and nano-particle delivery
- Drug-device combination platforms
- Infusion pump–based delivery
- ion-assisted delivery
Gastrointestinal & Localized Routes
- Rectal administration
- Vaginal / intrauterine delivery
- Localized intra-organ injections (e.g., intratumoral)
- Epidural administration
Our deep understanding of route-specific requirements includes:
- Local tolerance assessment
- Toxicokinetic and biodistribution implications
- Device compatibility and functional performance
- Exposure feasibility and dose selection
- Route-specific regulatory expectations
- Study design considerations for complex routes